Citations(Partial)

 Ginés-Blasi, Mònica. 2021. “Exploiting Chinese Labour Emigration in Treaty Ports: The Role of Spanish Consulates in the ‘Coolie Trade.’” International Review of Social History 66, no. 1: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859020000334.

Rhoads, Edward J. M. “‘White Labor’ vs. ‘Coolie Labor’: The ‘Chinese Question’ in Pennsylvania in the 1870s.” Journal of American Ethnic History 21, no. 2 (2002): 3–32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27502811.


Stanley L. Engerman. 1999. Terms of Labor : Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor. Making of Modern Freedom. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. https://search-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.collegeofsanmateo.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=6679&site=ehost-live.

Shlomowitz, Ralph. 1979. “The Transition from Slave to Freedman Labor Arrangements in Southern Agriculture, 1865–1870.” The Journal of Economic History 39, no. 1: 333–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700096583.

Aje, Lawrence, and Catherine Armstrong. 2019. “The Transition from Plantation Slave Labour to Free Labour in the Americas.” In The Many Faces of Slavery. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

Jung, Moon-Ho. 2006. Coolies and Cane Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Leigh, Philip. 2017. Southern Reconstruction. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing.

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